Current methods to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function.
Barral DC., Staiano L., Guimas Almeida C., Cutler DF., Eden ER., Futter CE., Galione A., Marques ARA., Medina DL., Napolitano G., Settembre C., Vieira OV., Aerts JMFG., Atakpa-Adaji P., Bruno G., Capuozzo A., De Leonibus E., Di Malta C., Escrevente C., Esposito A., Grumati P., Hall MJ., Teodoro RO., Lopes SS., Luzio JP., Monfregola J., Montefusco S., Platt FM., Polishchuck R., De Risi M., Sambri I., Soldati C., Seabra MC.
Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.