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Membranes in cells have defined distributions of lipids in each leaflet, controlled by lipid scramblases and flip/floppases. However, for some intracellular membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the scramblases have not been identified. Members of the TMEM16 family have either lipid scramblase or chloride channel activity. Although TMEM16K is widely distributed and associated with the neurological disorder autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCAR10), its location in cells, function and structure are largely uncharacterised. Here we show that TMEM16K is an ER-resident lipid scramblase with a requirement for short chain lipids and calcium for robust activity. Crystal structures of TMEM16K show a scramblase fold, with an open lipid transporting groove. Additional cryo-EM structures reveal extensive conformational changes from the cytoplasmic to the ER side of the membrane, giving a state with a closed lipid permeation pathway. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the open-groove conformation is necessary for scramblase activity.

Original publication

DOI

10.1038/s41467-019-11753-1

Type

Journal article

Journal

Nat Commun

Publication Date

02/09/2019

Volume

10

Keywords

Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Anoctamins, COS Cells, Calcium, Cell Line, Tumor, Chlorocebus aethiops, Crystallography, X-Ray, Endoplasmic Reticulum, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Lipids, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Phospholipid Transfer Proteins, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Sf9 Cells, Spodoptera